Chapter 01: Artificial intelligence
01.What is AI?
Ans:
AI is techniques that help machines and computers mimic human behaviour. Or in simple words, AI is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence displayed by humans or animals.
02.What is machine learning?
Ans:
Machine Learning is the general techniques or variety of techniques that make the device smart. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
03.What is deep learning?
Ans
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which is essentially a neural network with three or more layers. These neural networks attempt to simulate the behaviour of the human brain, allowing it to “learn” from large amounts of data.
04.Give an example for AI?
Ans:
a. Typing using software :
While typing reports using any word-processor, wrong spellings or incorrect grammar is highlighted. We also are exposed to auto-complete options of previously used words, or auto-suggest of commonly used words while typing an e-mail, a SMS message or a socialmedia post.
b.Shopping online :
All of us are now used to shopping online. We are either ordering clothes or gadgets online, or using a streaming service (watching movies/shows online). Depending on the user profile, the system shows ads, products or suggests programs to watch. So, what a 65 year old male is shown is different from what a 16 year old girl will be shown, even though they maybe using the same service/portal.
c.Chatbots :
Chatbots are used universally today on many websites to interact with the human users that arrive on the specific sites. They try to provide them effective communication and explain to the users how the company or industry works while providing detailed instructions and guides with spontaneous replies.
05.What are the various applications area that comes under AI?
Ans:
a.Robotics:
Today, most of the industrial world is using robots to automate repetitive tasks. We see robots used to assemble cars, pack food items, paint vehicles and to even serve as your personal DIGITAL FLUENCY E-MANUAL 27 assistants/servants in homes. Robots are being used to clean homes, perform day to day tasks like controlling ACs, microwave ovens, washing machines.
b. Real Time Translation:
Most of us use Google translate to get text translated from one language to another. It is a boon in a country like India, where we have a number of local languages. It makes understanding each other a lot easier. artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically translate content from one language (the source) to another (the target) without any human input.
c. Digital Assistants (Virtual Companions):
It is like Alexa and Siri are being used in homes to converse and perform simple tasks. In certain countries, virtual pets and companions are becoming popular. Digital assistants use advanced artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing, natural language understanding, and machine learning to learn as they go and provide a personalized, conversational experience.
d. Gaming and Simulation:
It is fast changing the ways in which we have been traditionally doing things. Especially in the fields of training, marketing and entertainment, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are two technologies that are forging a revolution.
Two type of techniques that are forging a revalution
1.Agmented Reality(AR): Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated information.
2.Virtual Reality(VR): Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world
06.What is AI in healthcare?
Ans:
Healthcare is one industry that is being revolutionized with the latest technologies to meet challenging demands of the time. AI along with several other technologies can help healthcare organizations efficiently operate to deliver better patient care.
07.Which are the 10 Techniques trends that transform healthcare in future?.
Ans:
a.AI and Machine Learning Offer Better way to Spot Diseases :
With the growing population, AI and ML are also growing to offer new and innovative ways to identify disease, diagnose conditions, crowd-source and develop treatment plans, monitor health epidemics, create efficiencies in medical research and clinical trials, and make operations more efficient to handle increasing demand. Artificial intelligence along with machine learning can help solve many clinical problems.
b. Robots in Healthcare can Conduct More Varied Tasks :
The potential for robots in healthcare has reached beyond surgical uses. They will be able to help doctors examine and treat patients in rural areas through telepresence, transporting medical supplies, disinfecting hospital rooms, helping patients with rehabilitation or with prosthetics, and automating labs and packaging medical devices.
c. Computer and Machine Vision Can Help Give Appropriate Care :
There are various ways computers and machine vision are being used in medicine for diagnostics, viewing scans and medical images, surgery, and more. It is helping doctors to know exactly how much blood a woman loses while delivering in order to provide immediate care to reduce the mortality of mothers from post-partum haemorrhaging. The technology provides accurate intelligence eliminating the guessing game in the healthcare sector.
d. Wearable Tech has More to Offer than Just Counting Steps :
Wearable fitness technology is not only limited to tell people how many steps they walk each day. It possesses rather more opportunities for healthcare by monitoring heart rhythms, detecting atrial fibrillation and send reports to doctor, monitoring blood pressure and many more. Wearable devices will further help consumers proactively get health support if there are irregularities in their trackers.
e. AI-Enabled Genomic can Determine Personalised Treatments :
Artificial intelligence and machine learning help analyse a person’s genomic information to determine personalized treatment plans and clinical care. In pharmacology, oncology, infectious diseases, and more, genomic medicine is marking a great impact. Such information helps the medical community better understand how diseases occur and better way to treat the condition or possibly eradicate it.
f. 3D Printing helps Doctors Replicate Patient-Specific Organs :
Just like other industries, 3D printing technology enables prototyping, customization, research, and manufacturing for healthcare. Surgeons can replicate patient-specific organs using the advancements of 3D printing. It helps them prepare for procedures. Several medical devices and surgical tools can also be 3D printed.
g. Digital Twins Determine Possibility for Successful Outcomes :
In healthcare, digital twin is a near real-time replica of life-long data record of an individual. It can help doctors in determining the possibilities for a successful outcome of a procedure. It also assists them in making better therapy decisions, and manage chronic diseases.
h. 5G can Support Organisation in Transmission of Files :
As the healthcare centers are extending their reach in remote or under-served areas through telemedicine, 5G technology will potentially increase the quality and speed of the network and prove to be a necessity for positive outcomes. The technology can better support healthcare organizations in transmission of large imaging files so specialists can review and advice on care.
i. AI Neural Network can Improve Healthcare Biometrics :
Scientists are capable of analyzing the atypical risk factors that were too complicated to quantify, using AI neural networks. It helps develop the industry in various ways such as by enabling retinal scans, examining and recording skin colour changes, and many more.
9.How is AI being used by business?
Ans:
There are the below following key areas
a. For reasoning:
Reasoning is the ability to solve problems through logical deduction. For eg., AI is used to financial asset management, legal assessment, financial application processing, autonomous weapons systems and games.
b. To present knowledge:
AI can help in presenting knowledge about the world. For eg., financial market trading, purchase prediction, fraud prevention, drug creation, medical diagnosis and media recommendation.
c. In planning:
AI helps in helping to set and achieve goals. For eg., inventory management, demand forecasting, predictive maintenance, physical and digital network optimization, navigation, scheduling and logistics.
d. To facilitate communication:
AI uses translation to make business processes easier to conduct, regardless of the geographical location. AI uses its ability to understand spoken and written languages to do this. Some applications of this aspect of AI is being used to facilitate real-time DIGITAL FLUENCY E-MANUAL 30 translation of spoken and written languages, real-time transcription, intelligent assistants and voice control.
e. To enhance perception:
AI uses the ability to infer things about the outer world through images, sounds and other sensory inputs. This is useful in fields like medical diagnosis, surveillance and autonomous vehicles.
10.Which are the various sectors of AI Treands?
Ans:
a.Healthcare
b.Finance
c.manufacturing
d.retail
e.entertainment
f.data security
g.automative
Similarly, AI has the potential to create new industries, new jobs, new workflows, new products which we haven’t even thought of. We feel that AI is being used to solve problems, and it is true. But what’s more fascinating is that AI will help us solve that we haven’t even thought of. AI has the potential of creating more jobs than the traditional jobs it replaces. AI will take away our mental constraints just like it has taken away our physical constraints.
12. Difference between AI, ML, And DL?
Ans:
01.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE :
AI involves machines that can perform tasks that are characteristic of human intelligence. That is, machines doing what humans can do. While this is rather general, it includes things like planning, understanding language, recognizing objects and sounds, learning, and problem-solving.
AI has two categories, general and narrow.
General AI would have all of the characteristics of human intelligence, including the capacities mentioned above.
Narrow AI exhibits some facet(s) of human intelligence, and can do that facet extremely well, but is lacking in other areas. A machine that’s great at recognizing images, but nothing else, would be an example of narrow AI.
02.MACHINE LEARNING :
Machine Learning is simply a way of achieving AI. Machine learning is a way of “training” an algorithm so that it can learn how. “Training” involves feeding huge amounts of data to the algorithm and allowing the algorithm to adjust itself and improve.
03.DEEP LEARNING :
Deep Learning is one of the approaches to Machine Learning.
Deep learning was inspired by the structure and function of the brain, namely the interconnecting of many neurons. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that mimic the biological structure of the brain.
In ANNs, there are “neurons” which have discrete layers and connections to other “neurons”. Each layer picks out a specific feature to learn, such as curves/edges in image recognition. It’s
this layering that gives deep learning its name, depth is created by using multiple layers as opposed to a single layer.
13. What are neural network?
Ans:
Neural Networks is the old name for Deep Learning.
Neural networks are a means of doing machine learning, in which a computer learns to perform some task by analyzing training examples. Usually, the examples have been hand-labeled in advance. An object recognition system.
14. Briefly explain about neural network?
Ans:
When a neural net is being trained, all of its weights
and thresholds are initially set to random values.Training data is fed to the bottom layer — the input layer — and
it passes through the succeeding layers, getting
multiplied and added together in complex ways, until it finally arrives,
radically transformed, at the output
layer. During training, the weights and thresholds are continually adjusted
until training data with the same labels consistently yield similar outputs.
02.AI moving towards transparency:
AI technology was used as a ‘black box’, i.e., using AI without knowing how it was happening. Now, with knowing what decisions are being taken, AI is being monitored to understand how decisions are being made, data is being mined and correlated.
03.AI and Automation in every business:
AI will influence all businesses like Finance, Retail, Manufacturing and Legal. It will also affect support functions like HR (for hiring and firing) and supply chains(logistic decisions).
04.AI will create more jobs:
AI will create more jobs than those that are lost. Repetitive tasks, manual tasks will be replaced by AI. So, cashiers and warehouse workers may lose their jobs to automation. Doctors and lawyers will use AI as a tool to help them it their tasks, so they will be free to do more work with the help of AI. But, AI will create more new types of jobs which require a people in a supervisory or advisory capacity.
05.AI will be used as Assistants:
Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant will be a part of our lives in more ways than can be imagined. Ordering Pizzas, arranging calendar, planning schedules will now be done for us by such assistants, and as we use them more and more, they will become more efficient and predictive in offering us these services.
16. How the machine learning work and why we need it ?
Ans:
Machine Learning works as below:
Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
Needs of machine learning :
Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that helps computers “learn” without someone having to program them. The computers are programmed in a way that focuses on data that they receive. This new data can then help the machine “learn” what your preferences are and adjust itself accordingly. For instance, when a video website suggests a movie you might like, it’s likely learned your preferences based on your past choices.
16. Who uses Machine Learning?
Ans:
01.Financial Services:
Banks and other businesses in the financial industry use machine learning technology for two key purposes: to identify important insights in data, and prevent fraud. The insights can identify investment opportunities, or help investors know when to trade. Data mining can also identify clients with high-risk profiles, or use cyber-surveillance to pinpoint warning signs of fraud.
02.Government Agencies:
Government agencies such as public safety and utilities have a particular need for machine learning since they have multiple sources of data that can be mined for insights. Analyzing sensor data, for example, identifies ways to increase efficiency and save money. Machine learning can also help detect fraud and minimize identity theft.
03.Healthcare:
Machine learning is a fast-growing trend in the health care industry, thanks to the advent of wearable devices and sensors that can use data to assess a patient's health in real time. The technology can also help medical experts analyze data to identify trends or red flags that may lead to improved diagnoses and treatment.
04.Retail:
Websites recommending items you might like based on previous purchases are using machine learning to analyze your buying history. Retailers rely on machine learning to capture data, analyze it and use it to personalize a shopping experience, implement a marketing campaign, price optimization, merchandise supply planning, and for customer insights.
05.Oil and Gas:
Finding new energy sources. Analyzing minerals in the ground. Predicting refinery sensor failure. Streamlining oil distribution to make it more efficient and cost-effective. The number of machine learning use cases for this industry is vast – and still expanding.
06.Transportation and Logistics:
Analyzing data to identify patterns and trends is key to the transportation industry, which relies on making routes more efficient and predicting potential problems to increase profitability. The data analysis and modeling aspects of machine learning are important tools to delivery companies, public transportation and other transportation organizations.
17. What are the Machine Learning methods?
Ans:
01.Supervised Learning:
Supervised learning is commonly used in applications where historical data predicts likely future events. For example, it can anticipate when credit card transactions are likely to be fraudulent or which insurance customer is likely to file a claim.
The most common fields of use for supervised learning are price prediction and trend forecasting in sales, retail commerce, and stock trading. In both cases, an algorithm uses incoming data to assess the possibility and calculate possible outcomes.
02.Unsupervised Learning:
Unsupervised learning works well on transactional data. For example, it can identify segments of customers with similar attributes who can then be treated similarly in marketing campaigns. Or it can find the main attributes that separate customer segments from each other.
Digital marketing and ad tech are the fields where unsupervised learning is used to its maximum effect. In addition to that, this algorithm is often applied to explore customer information and adjust the service accordingly.
03.Semi-supervised Learning:
Semi-supervised learning is useful when the cost is too high to allow for a fully supervised process. Examples of this include identifying a person's face on a web cam.
Legal and Healthcare industries, among others, manage web content classification, image, and speech analysis with the help of semi-supervised learning.
04.Reinforcement Learning:
This is often used for robotics, gaming and navigation. With reinforcement learning, the system discovers through trial and error which actions yield the greatest rewards.
Modern NPCs (non-playing characters) and other video games use this type of machine learning model a lot. Reinforcement Learning provides flexibility to the AI reactions to the player's action
thus providing viable challenges. For example, the collision detection feature uses this type of ML algorithm for the moving vehicles and people in the Grand Theft Auto series.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Artificial Intelligence?
· Artificial Intelligence is when a software or a particular model developed can perform complex tasks on its own without requiring any assistance from humans. Artificial Intelligence is a field of study consisting of various sub-fields, including machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, computer vision, natural language processing, and so much more.
How powerful is AI?
· The power of AI depends on the capability of the researcher working on the computation of the program. As of now, AI is quite powerful to solve a set of tasks that is assigned to it efficiently and effectively. However, it hasn’t reached its peak yet, and we are a few years away from that point.
Will AI steal our jobs?
· The demand for skilled AI specialists is growing faster like never before. Requirements and open positions for experts in the sub-fields of AI like machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, statistics, and natural language processing are growing each day. So, AI will pave the way for more jobs for humans to control them. Humans are intellectual beings. Hence, AI will simplify the complexity of human work but won’t actually take away our jobs.
Can AI take over the world?
· Artificial Intelligence has come a long way and developed into a unique feature of the modern world. Despite the advancements in AI, most of the tasks are still done under some kind of human supervision in the working or the development stages.
· Artificial Intelligence is also limited to be the particular task that it is programmed to complete. So, as of today, AI taking over the world is unlikely.
What are the advantages of AI?
· Apart from the massive job opportunities created by AI, it also has other advantages, such as the completion of looping or repetitive tasks that humans need to perform without making errors.
· Artificial Intelligence, similar to a computer program, cannot tire and hence has the capacity to work all day long on a particular task until the desired results are accomplished.
· They have the ability to perform faster computations compared to human speed on a wide range of problems with precise results. They also have tons of real-life applications to make our daily lives simpler.
What are the disadvantages of AI?
· The construction of Artificial Intelligence models from scratch can sometimes be time- consuming and resourcefully exhaustive. Building such models may not be possible on a regular PC.
· The deployment of Artificial Intelligence models can also be quite expensive in some cases. Also, the maintenance costs in case of malfunctioning of the AI models in peculiar cases can be annoying to deal with and solve.
· AI cannot be used to accomplish more superior and intellectual tasks, as of today.
What are the applications of AI?
· Artificial Intelligence in the natural world has a wide variety of applications. These include your journey from the start of the day till the end of the day. When you usually start your day with your smartphone, you make use of the AI capabilities of smart face lock or other fingerprint AI measures to unlock your phone.
· Then you decide to google something, you are greeted with AI features of autocomplete and autocorrect, which utilizes technologies of sequence to sequence modeling. Apart from smartphones, Artificial Intelligence has tons of other applications, including email spam detection, virtual assistants, chatbots, optical character recognition, and so much more.
· Artificial Intelligence also finds its applications in many other fields, such as topics ranging from robotics, medical sciences, logistics and transportation, finances, and tons more utility services in industries.
Do you need to be a genius to start learning AI?
· No, not necessarily. Artificial Intelligence is a field containing a lot of sub-fields. It is worth investing your precious time to gain further knowledge in the subject of AI if you are particularly interested in the various intriguing concepts that are offered by learning AI.
· While learning AI from scratch might sometimes be hard at the beginning, it becomes more interesting and cool as you proceed to invest more time learning numerous concepts related to AI. You will gain exposure to mathematics, programming, machine learning, and so much more that will expand your vast knowledge.
· Even if you find that the field of Artificial Intelligence is not suitable for your particular interests, it is still totally fine as long as you learn something about the numerous topics of AI.
· The knowledge you gain from learning AI can be partially or completely utilized for various software applications and jobs as well.
How will artificial intelligence affect healthcare?
· AI can lead to better care outcomes and improve the productivity and efficiency of care delivery. It can also improve the day-to-day life of healthcare practitioners, letting them spend more time looking after patients and in so doing, raise staff morale and improve retention
Which is the best application of AI in the healthcare sector?
· Some of the beneficial applications of AI for healthcare purposes would be administrative workflows, image analysis, robotic surgery, virtual assistants, and clinical decision support
Will AI in healthcare make doctors redundant?
· AI can enhance clinical productivity due to its ability to handle a large capacity of tasks that are well suited for automation. AI can reduce the burden of clerical work of physician's thus improving the quality of care and allow them to spend more time with patients and the healthcare team
What do you understand by the term robotics?
· Robotics is a combined branch of engineering and science which deals with the study of development, operation, and control of intelligent robots. Robotics is a part of Artificial intelligence. Robotics technology is used for the development of machines which can perform a complex human task in a very efficient way.
What are various types of sensors used in the robotics?
· Various types of sensors used in robots include light sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, proximity sensors, acceleration and navigation sensors.
What can a digital assistant do?
· A digital assistant pulls data from multiple sources and puts it into context. Advanced natural language processing gives it the ability to process what you are saying or typing. Advanced natural language understanding (NLU) gives it the ability to parse what you say or type and then generate accurate answers
Is a chatbot a digital assistant?
· Data-driven and predictive (Conversational AI) chatbots are also called a Virtual Assistant or Digital Assistant. Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa are examples of consumer-oriented, data- driven, predictive AI chatbots
What is autonomous software?
· An autonomous system is one that can achieve a given set of goals in a changing environment
– gathering information about the environment and working for an extended period of time without human control or intervention.
What technologies are needed for autonomous vehicles?
· There are several critical technologies behind safe and efficient autonomous-vehicle operation—AI, safety and security, cameras, network infrastructure, and the sensor technologies radar and lidar, or laser-light radar.
Why are autonomous things important?
· Autonomous things are fundamentally important because they represent the first real disconnection of machines from explicit human guidance. Humans are used to programming things, but are not used to them acting in autonomous ways. Self-driving vehicles are still making their way onto the roads.
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